The Epigean Syntax
The syntax of Epigean is highly simplified by the fact that it only allows simple sentences. No subordinates, no dependant clauses, and compound sentences are, syntaxically, two independant sentences linked with a conjunction.
However, the four-part verbal structure makes even the simplest sentence quite longer. An ethnosemantic explanation would be that providing Dryads live way longer, they have a preference for completeness over efficiency.
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| ̇ ̆ ̇ . |
| My shovel isn't a carrot. |
As you may see, the only green part in the translation is the negation. That's the sole semantic element that may be translated directly (and partially, because the negation part is only -du, not adu).
A more literal translation, taking the epigean structure in account, would be :
I'm observing that [the] shovel of me is not (and will never be) a carrot.
Let's analyse this within details :
- The modal a indicates that the speaker directly observed the described action/state. The suffix -du added to it negates the whole sentence.
- The semantic at- is the adjectival root corresponding to the stative verb to be. Its ending -æ indicates that the subject (cĕndre « shovel ») belongs to the 4ᵗʰ class and is singular.
- The temporal dꜳṅ- is the permanent, that corresponds to immuable truths. Its ending -o marks a 3ʳᵈ person singular subject.
- The subject cĭndre la eṁa is a genitive phrase :
- cĭndre is the intransitive form of cĕndre, because the attribute of a stative verb isn't considered as an accusative.
- la means « of ».
- eṁa « me » is built on the same base as the third verbal particle, with eṁ- replacing the temporal root and -a being the mark of the 1ˢᵗ person singular.
- acɯĝ is the intransitive case of acuĝ. It belongs to the 5ᵗʰ class.
- deru doesn't really appear in the literal translation either because it doesn't carry any semantic information. It's a structural particle indicating that the sentence is either passive or reflexive, or, here, that the verb is stative.
Open and close-ended questions
In Epigean, both open-ended and close-ended (a.k.a. yes-no) questions are built the same way. The modal is always oro, and the structure is (almost) the same as an affirmative sentence :
- For an open-ended question, the subject is ergative, but there is no object given. Instead of interrogative words, it is more of a "complete me" sentence structure.
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| ̇ · ? |
| Where are the oaks ? (more literally : How are the oaks located ?) |
- For a close-ended question, there is no change, it's a simple sentence starting with oro.
We may answer it by ka « yes » or shudad « no » (often shortened to ꞌdad ).
The Epigean Phonology [ðiː e'pɪ.d͡ʒjən fəˈnɒ.lə.dʒi]
Vowels :
Epigean has 8 vocal phonemes.

Consonants :
Epigean has 22 consonants (including 4 semi-vowels and 1 clic).
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Labio- Palatal |
Velar | Labio- Velar |
Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | mʲ | |||
| Stop | p | c ɟ | k | ||||
| Fricative | s sʲ | ç ʝ | x | ||||
| Affricate | c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ | ʁ | |||||
| Approximant | j | ɥ | w | ||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | ʎ | |||||
| Nasal click | ŋ͡ǃ |
Orthography-phonology matching :
A geminate consonant (G/C/S) or a geminate vowel (A/I/U) is a long one.
(in green appear the pronunciation variants for the Veela dialect)
| IPA | Epigean | Equivalence in english / spanish / french |
|---|---|---|
| /a/ | a | Like : bat |
| /e/ /ɛ/ | e | Like : say |
| /i/ | i | Like : leak |
| /o/ | o | Like : boat |
| /ø/ | æ | Like : peu |
| /u/ | ou | Like : pull |
| /y/ | u | Like : pur |
| /ə/ | y | Like : atom |
| /ç/ | c | Like : hue |
| /c͡ç/ | ť, final ĝ | Like : workshop |
| /c/ | t, final d | Like : cute, kiosk |
| /ɟ/ | d | Like : magyar |
| /j/ | ◌̇ | Like : you |
| /k/ | k | Like : coin |
| /l/ | l | Like : lit |
| /ʎ/ | ľ | Like : bailar |
| /m/ | m | Like : more |
| /mʲ/ | ṁ | Like : lamia |
| /n/ | n | Like : nut |
| /ɲ/ | ṅ | Like : onion |
| /p/ | p | Like : pain |
| /ʝ/ | g | Like : collégien |
| /ɟ͡ʝ/ | ĝ | Like : nostalgia |
| /w/ | ◌̆ | Like : watt |
| /ʁ/ | r | Like : roue |
| /s/ | s | Like : sea |
| /sʲ/ | ṡ | Like : messiah |
| /x/ /h/ |
h | Like : jota Like : hole |
| /ɥ/ | ŭ | Like : huile |
| /ŋ͡ǃ/ | gh | Nasal alveolar click |
| /∅/ | finale e | Like : bore |
The Epigean Orthography : Khalradre and
A brief history of Epigean
Epigean has most of its history been an oral tradition language. The main reason for that is that they always have been living in the depth of forests, barely trading with illiterate human peasants.
The Epıcz Futharkıs, a.k.a. HyťArki y Nepiťİ-li
When the Himnikoyards (who already were using the runic writing system for Aczu Śavnecze) migrated from Scandinavia to Greece, they discovered new ways to write, with softened glyphs, egyptian papyrus, chinese paper… And when they finally reached the Celtic homeland, they were fully litterate.
Their first contact with the nymphs, especially the dryads, was more of a cultural exchange than a conquest. Because Epigean had sounds missing in Aczu Śavnecze, they needed additional glyphs to represent those. Following the same pattern they did for themselves, The Himnikoyards borrowed runes from the Elder Futhark that represented similar sounds :
ᚩ for /o/, ᚷ for /ʝ/, ᚷᚳ for /ɟ͡ʝ/, ᚳ for /c͡ç/, ᚫ for /ə/, ᚣ for /y/, ᛟ for /ø/, and ᚺ for /ŋ͡ǃ/ (and lately, ᛋᛋ for the long /sː/).
Those then derived into proper aśan letters : , , , , , , and for the double . Ultimately, the Dryads evolved their own lowercases when the Himnikoyards brought back the idea from Greece (, , , , , , and ). Everything else is similar to the Aśan Futharkıs (with slight differences explained below).
► Note how different from the uppercases and are the lowercases and . The reason behind this is that those glyphs are very prolific in Epigean, and the shorthand version quickly replaced the historical appearance of those before people were literate. Compare that to how the handwritten ‹þ› became a ‹y› (þe olde), or ‹ȝ› became a ‹z› (McKenȝie) in Modern English.
Other ligatures for geminates were introduced later, on the same pattern as SS·ss · : CC·cc · et gg (that is also inspired by handwritten runes) for consonants, plus ꜳ and ɯ for vowels.
The Epigean Alphabet
Very lately (after the Secrecy), the Dryads felt the urge to communicate more efficiently with their human protectors, and worked with the druids on a translitteration system. Back then, the post-labialization and post-palatalization of the vowels was unmarked. They adapted two diacritics, respectively the breve and the dot above, to mark them. Ultimately, those were integrated back into the "native" writing system, and on the same model, the futharkis letter gained its dot above to become ̇̇.
They also took the idea of adding a silent -e at the end of the word to voice the final consonant from French.
Here's a table that sums up the matching between both orthographies. In blue, aśan letters translitterated
differently in Epigean. In brown, variant of existing aśan letters. And in red, the additional letters :
| ᚪ | ᛲ | ᛞ | ᛖ | ᚷ | ᚷᚳ | ᛲᚺ | ᛁ | ᛣ | ᛚ | ᛤ | ᛗ | – | ᚾ | – | ᚩ | ᛈ | ᚱ | ᛋ | ― | ᛏ | ᚳ | ᚣ | ᚫ | ᚢ | ᛟ | ᚺ |
| | | | | | | | ̇ | | | | | ̇ | | ̇ | | | | | ̇ | | | | | | | |
| |
|
| |
|
| | ̇ | | | | | ̇ | | ̇ | | | | |
̇ ̇ |
| | |
| | | |
| A | C | D | E | G | Ĝ | H | İ | K | L | Ľ | M | Ṁ | N | Ṅ | O | P | R | S | Ṡ | T | T’ | U | Y | OU | Æ | GH |
| a ꜳ |
c cc |
d | e ·e |
g gg |
ĝ | h | i | k | l | ľ | m | ṁ | n | ṅ | o | p | r | s ss |
ṡ sṡ |
t | ť | u ɯ |
y | ou | ӕ | gh |
As you can see, even though Aczu Śavnecze and Epigean use the same writing system, it's quite unlikely to get the two mixed.
The Epigean Numbers
The grammatical numbers :
Epigean distinguishes two numbers : singular and plural. Nouns are inflected on case and number, and adjectives/verbs agrees on class and number.
The mathematical numbers :
Epigean has a decimal counting system. Every number under 100 is an adjective, that agrees on the noun class (but always with the singular affix), while 100, 1000 and 1M are nouns.
| 0 | iťO | 10 | piit | 20 | adul | 30 | akit |
| 1 | pid | 11 | pidepiit | 21 | pidadul | 40 | asat |
| 2 | dy | 12 | dẏpiit | 22 | dẏadul | 50 | amon |
| 3 | ki | 13 | kipiit | 23 | kiadul | 60 | anat |
| 4 | sæt | 14 | satyrpiit | 24 | satadul | 70 | amyk |
| 5 | moun | 15 | monpiit | 25 | monadul | 80 | amat |
| 6 | nad | 16 | nadepiit | 26 | nadadul | 90 | amac |
| 7 | amku | 17 | amkypiit | 27 | amkɯ̇adul | 100 | pæpa pid |
| 8 | amd | 18 | amdepiit | 28 | amdadul | 1000 | souc pid |
| 9 | amgi | 19 | amgiipiit | 29 | amgiadul | 1M | milia pid |
Numbers are read this way : 2345 = ̇ ̇ –[1000 × 2 + 100 × 3 + (5+40)]– soc dy pæpi ki monasat.
100, 1000 and 1M are nouns of the first class, but their particular morphology and usage induces a very specific inflections set. Here it is :
| Case | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ergative (agent) | papa (100) | pꜳpa | souc (1000) | soc | milia (1M) | melia |
| Intransitive (subject) | pæpa | pæpi | souc | soc | milia | melia |
| Accusative (patient) | apap | apꜳp | asouc | æsouc | amilia | æmilia |
| Temporal (when) | pȧpa | pꜳ̇pa | sou̇c | sȯc | mylia | mėlia |
Khalradre y Nepiťİ-li, the Language of the Dryads
̇̇· ['kxal.ʁaɟ.əʁ ə ne.pi'c͡çiːli]
Epigean (Khalradre y Nepiťİ-li) is a non-human language spoken by dryads, in my fanfiction and maybe later in some novel. It mainly grew up in Brittany, with scarce Aśan, Gaulish and French influences (in that order).
It doesn't have verbs, but four verbal particles :
1. Modal : An initial particle indicating the mood. Is that something you know ? You'd (dis)like ? You're asking for ? Your interlocutor will know that immediatly.
2. Semantic : an adjective indicating what the action is about.
3. Temporal : a compound particle indicating the tense (when is it done) and the agent (who does it).
4. Aspective : A finale particle indicating the aspect of the action (simple, continuous, intended, etc…).
You put the subject, direct object and indirect object, in that order, between n°3 and n°4.
That means a sentence is at least four words-long, but also that these four words carries way more informations than a simple verbal sentence.

HyťArki y Nepiťİ-li (Writing System)
̇ ̇̇· [xə'c͡çaʁ.ki ə ne.pi'c͡çiːli]
The Epigean Phonology
The Epigean Numbers
The Epigean Syntax
~≈~Sample sentences~≈~
| A cæde fo aslim-li mad kȧghaa-liam ėkii. · ̇· ̇̇̇. [a çøɟ ɸɔ 'as.lim li mac 'kaj.ŋ͡ǃa 'li.am 'ej.kiː] EPS drink-G1.S NFUT-3S roe.ERG+DEF.ART water.ACC forest.DAT+DEF.ART-LOC DUR The roe deer is drinking in the forest. |
Lo sade aľİ kanem-lini eṁa la lim. ̇ ·̇ ̇ . [lɔ saɟ aʎ'i 'ka.nem 'li.ni 'e.mʲa la lim] AHOR wanted-G2.S INTEN-1S dog-DEF.ART.INSTR me of INCH I would like to go hunting with my dog. |
| E ati daaṅo ounikȧgha-em RyroussAlka deru. ̇ ̇ ̇̇· . [e 'a.ci 'ɟaː.ɲɔ 'u.ni.kajŋ͡ǃa em ʁə.ʁusː'al.ka 'ɟe.ʁy] IND be-G2.S ETNL-3S home.forest-LOC Roussalka.ACC PASS Roussalka lives permanently in Broceliande. |
Oro emæ khi no ? ̇ ? [↗ 'ɔ.ʁɔ 'e.mø kxi nɔ] INTERR located-G4.S CRAS-2S SEMF Where will you be tomorrow ? |

